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HVAC glossary

Heating and cooling, in plain English.

Your definition of comfort may differ from your neighbor's, but knowing these terms makes any conversation about your system easier.

A2L
A safety class for the newest refrigerants, such as R-454B and R-32: low toxicity and only mildly flammable. Equipment built for them includes added safety features.
Aerosol duct sealing
A method of sealing leaks from inside the ductwork by blowing a fine sealant through the system, reaching gaps that cannot be reached by hand.
AFUE
Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency. The share of a furnace's fuel that becomes heat in your home. At 80% AFUE, 80% becomes heat and about 20% leaves through the vent.
Air handler
The indoor unit of a heat pump or some air conditioning systems, containing the blower, the coil and often backup electric heat. Also called a fan coil.
BTU
British Thermal Unit, the standard measure of heat. One BTU is roughly the heat of a single kitchen match. Heating and cooling capacity is measured in BTUs per hour.
Capacity
How much heating or cooling a system can deliver, usually in BTUs per hour or tons.
CFM
Cubic feet per minute, a measure of airflow. A typical home system moves around 350 to 400 CFM for each ton of cooling.
Compressor
The heart of an air conditioner or heat pump, in the outdoor unit. It pumps refrigerant around the system.
Condensate
The water drawn out of the air as it is cooled. It collects in a drain pan and flows away through the condensate line.
Condenser coil
The coil in the outdoor unit that releases heat from the refrigerant. Also called the outdoor coil.
Damper
A movable plate inside the ductwork that opens and closes to control airflow. Zoning systems use motorized dampers.
Downflow furnace
A furnace that draws air in at the top and sends warm air out at the bottom, often used where ducts run under the floor.
Dual fuel
A system that pairs a heat pump with a gas furnace, using whichever is more economical for the conditions.
Ductless mini-split
A system with an outdoor unit connected to one or more wall- or ceiling-mounted indoor units, with no ductwork.
Ductwork
The channels that carry air from your system to each room and back.
ECM
Electronically commutated motor. A high-efficiency, variable-speed motor used in modern blowers. It uses far less electricity than older motors and runs more quietly.
EER2
Energy Efficiency Ratio, 2023 test method. Cooling efficiency at peak heat. California sets a minimum for new air conditioners.
ERV and HRV
Energy recovery and heat recovery ventilators. They bring in fresh outdoor air while recovering energy from the stale air they send out.
Evaporator coil
The indoor coil where refrigerant absorbs heat from your home's air, cooling it and removing moisture.
GWP
Global warming potential. How strongly a gas traps heat compared with carbon dioxide. Newer refrigerants have a much lower GWP than older ones.
Heat exchanger
In a furnace, the sealed metal chamber that transfers heat from the burner to your home's air while keeping combustion gases separate.
Heat pump
A system that both cools and heats by moving heat into or out of your home with electricity.
HERS rater
An independent specialist who tests and verifies certain HVAC installations, such as duct leakage, under California's energy code.
Horizontal furnace
A furnace that lies on its side, drawing air in at one end and sending it out the other; common in attics.
HSPF2
Heating Seasonal Performance Factor, 2023 test method. The heating efficiency of a heat pump over a season. Higher is better.
Humidifier
A device that adds moisture to dry indoor air.
Humidity
The amount of moisture in the air. Too little feels dry; too much feels sticky and encourages mold.
HVAC
Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.
Hydronic heating
Heating that uses hot water from a boiler, circulated to radiators, baseboards or tubing in the floor.
Load calculation
A room-by-room assessment of how much heating and cooling a home needs. The right way to size a system.
MERV
Minimum Efficiency Reporting Value. A filter's rating for catching particles, from 1 to 16. Higher numbers catch finer particles, but your system must be able to handle the added resistance.
Packaged system
A system with all its components in one cabinet, installed on the roof or beside the building.
R-22, R-410A, R-454B, R-32
Successive generations of home refrigerant. See our guide: Refrigerant changes explained.
Refrigerant
The fluid that carries heat through an air conditioner or heat pump.
Refrigerant lines
The two copper pipes connecting the outdoor and indoor units. Also called the line set.
Reversing valve
The valve in a heat pump that changes the direction of refrigerant flow to switch between cooling and heating.
SEER2
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio, 2023 test method. Cooling efficiency over a whole season. Higher is better.
Split system
A system with components in two places: an outdoor unit and an indoor unit such as a furnace or air handler.
Thermostat
The control that tells your system when to heat or cool. Programmable and smart thermostats follow a schedule you set.
Ton
A measure of cooling capacity equal to 12,000 BTUs per hour. Most homes need between about 2 and 5 tons.
Two-stage
Equipment that runs on a lower setting most of the time and a higher one when needed, for steadier comfort.
Upflow furnace
A furnace that draws air in at the bottom and sends warm air out the top, common in closets and basements.
Variable-speed
Equipment that adjusts its output in small steps to match what your home needs, for the most even, quiet comfort.
Zoning
Dividing a home into areas with their own thermostats, so each can be heated or cooled separately.

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